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In late 2006, the filed suit to have Chinese South Africans recognised as having been disadvantaged under apartheid, to benefit from BEE. The first group arrived in the late 1980s and early 1990s along with the Taiwanese immigrants. We have thousands of single men and women who want to connect with other South Africans. He also claimed that Chinese factory owners abused workers and were using the BEE ruling to avoid arousing suspicion towards their business practices.

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Retrieved 2 January 2016. After the Anglo-Boer War, production on the gold mines of the Witwatersrand was very low due to a lack of labour. Featuring a shower, private bathroom africa comes with a bath and free toile Retail Space South dates through the year available: Development Land For Sale in Mabopane.

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South African Chinese Population, 1904 - 1936 : 177 Gender 1904 1911 1921 1936 Male 161 161 75 46 Female 4 11 33 36 Male 1366 804 584 782 Female 14 19 148 462 Male 907 905 828 1054 Female 5 5 160 564 Total 2457 1905 1828 2944 First settlers The first Chinese to settle in South Africa were prisoners, usually , exiled from by the to their then newly founded at in 1660. Originally the Dutch wanted to recruit Chinese settlers to settle in the colony as farmers, thereby helping establish the colony and create a tax base so the colony would be less of a drain on Dutch coffers. However the Dutch failed to find anyone in the Chinese community in Batavia who was prepared to volunteer to go to such a far off place. The first Chinese person recorded by the Dutch to arrive in the Cape was a convict by the name of Ytcho Wancho almost certainly a Dutch version of his original Chinese name. There were also some free Chinese in the. They made a living through fishing and farming and traded their produce for other required goods. From 1660 until the late 19th century the number of Chinese people in the Cape Colony never exceeded 100. Most were independent immigrants mostly coming from then known as Canton. Due to anti-Chinese feeling and racial discrimination at the time they were prevented from obtaining mining contracts and so became entrepreneurs and small business owners instead. The Chinese community in South Africa grew steadily throughout the remainder of the 19th century, bolstered by new arrivals from China. The , fought between 1898 and 1902, pushed some Chinese South Africans out of the Witwatersrand and into areas such as and in the. A host of discriminatory laws similar to the anti-Chinese laws that sought to restrict trade, land ownership and citizenship were also enacted during this time. These laws were largely made popular by a general across the during the early 1900s and the arrival of over 60,000 Chinese miners after the. These early immigrants arriving between the 1870s and early 1900s are the ancestors of most of South Africa's first Chinese community and number some 10,000 individuals today. Contracted gold miners 1904-1910 Around 4,200 miners at the Simmer and Jack mine on the Witwatersrand, taken between 1904 and 1910. There were many complicated reasons why the British chose to import Chinese labour to use on the mines. After the Anglo-Boer War, production on the gold mines of the Witwatersrand was very low due to a lack of labour. The British government was eager to get these mines back online as quickly as possible as part of their overall effort to rebuild the war-torn country. Because of the war, unskilled black laborers had returned to rural areas and were more inclined to work on rebuilding infrastructure as mining was more dangerous. Unskilled white labour was being phased out because it was deemed too expensive. The British found recruiting and importing labour from east Asia the most expedient way to solve this problem. Most of these contractors were recruited from the provinces of Chihli , Shantung and Honan in China. It is a myth that the contracted miners brought into South Africa at this time are the forefathers of much of South Africa's Chinese population. President, was a director of CEMC when it became a supplier of Asian labor for South African mines. The first shipment of 2,000 coolies arrived in Durban from in July 1904. By 1906, the total number of Chinese coolies increased to 50,000, almost entirely recruited and shipped by CEMC. When the living and working conditions of the laborers became known, public opposition to the scheme grew and questions were asked in the British Parliament. The scheme was abandoned in 1911. The mass importation of Chinese labourers to work on the gold mines contributed to the fall from power of the in the United Kingdom. However, it did stimulate to the economic recovery of South Africa after the Anglo-Boer War by once again making the mines of the Witwatersrand the most productive gold mines in the world. In 1907, the government of the Transvaal Colony passed the that required the Indian and Chinese populations in the Transvaal to be registered and for males to be fingerprinted and carry. The Chinese Association made a written declaration saying that the Chinese would not register for passes and would not interact with those that did. Mahatma Gandhi started a campaign of to protest the legislation that was supported by the Indian and Chinese communities. The secretary of the Chinese Association informed Gandhi that the Chinese were prepared to be jailed alongside Indians in support of this cause. On 16 August 1908, members of the movement gathered outside Hamidia Mosque where they burnt 1,200 registration certificates. Apartheid era 1948—1994 As with other non-White South Africans, the Chinese suffered from discrimination during , and were often classified as , but sometimes as , a category that was generally reserved for. Today this segment of the South African Chinese population numbers some 10,000 individuals. Suburbs in Johannesburg with Chinese South African populations that were subject to forced removals include starting in 1955, in 1969 and the adjacent suburbs of and , known colloquially as 'Fietas', in 1968. Chinese South Africans were also among those removed from the South End district of beginning in 1965. These removals resulted in the formation of a Chinese township in Port Elizabeth. In 1966 the described the negative effects of apartheid legislation on the Chinese community and the resulting : No group is treated so inconsistently under South Africa's race legislation. Under the they are Non-White. The Group Areas Act says they are Coloured, subsection Chinese... They are frequently mistaken for Japanese in public and have generally used White buses, hotels, cinemas and restaurants. But in Pretoria, only the consul-general's staff may use White buses.. Their future appears insecure and unstable. Because of past and present misery under South African laws, and what seems like more to come in the future, many Chinese are emigrating. Like many Coloured people who are leaving the country, they seem to favour. Through humiliation and statutory discrimination South Africa is frustrating and alienating what should be a prized community. Following an amendment in 1962, other non-white South Africans could purchase alcohol, but not drink in white areas. In 1976, the law was amended to allow Chinese South Africans to drink alcohol in white areas. In 1984, the was established by the government to give Coloured and Indian South Africans a limited influence on South African politics. The Tricameral Parliament was criticised by anti-apartheid groups including the , who promoted a boycott of the Tricameral Parliament elections, as it still excluded Black people and had very little political power in South Africa. The Chinese South African community refused to participate in this parliament. Previously, the Chinese Association had expelled a member who had been appointed to the , a body established to advise on constitutional reform. Immigration from Taiwan Number of Chinese granted permanent residence in South Africa 1985 - 1995 : 419 Date Number 1985 1 1986 7 1987 133 1988 301 1989 483 1990 1422 1991 1981 1992 275 1993 1971 1994 869 1995 350 Total 7793 By citizenship 1994 - 1995 : 419 Citizenship 1994 1995 596 232 252 102 21 16 Total 869 350 With the establishment of ties between and officially the Republic of China , Taiwanese as well as some Hong Kong Chinese started migrating to South Africa from the late 1970s onwards. Due to apartheid South Africa's desire to attract their investment in South Africa and the many poorer within the country, they were exempt from many apartheid laws and regulations. This created an odd situation whereby South Africans of Chinese descent continued to be classified as Coloureds or Asians, whereas the Taiwanese Chinese and certain other east Asian esp. The South African government also offered a number of economic incentives to investors from Taiwan seeking to set up factories and businesses in the country. In 1984, South African Chinese, now increased to about 10,000, finally obtained the same official rights as the Japanese in South Africa, that is, to be treated as whites in terms of the Group Areas Act. The arrival of the Taiwanese resulted in a surge of the ethnic Chinese population of South Africa, which climbed from around 10,000 in the early 1980s to at least 20,000 in the early 1990s. Many Taiwanese were entrepreneurs who set up small companies, particularly in the textile sector, across South Africa. Numbers dropped from a high of around 30,000 Taiwanese citizens in the mid-1990s to the current population of approximately 6,000 today. Post-Apartheid Following the end of in 1994, mainland Chinese began immigrating to South Africa in large numbers, increasing the Chinese population in South Africa to an estimated 300,000-400,000 in 2015. In Johannesburg, in particular, a new has emerged in the eastern suburbs of and , replacing the declining one in the city centre. Black Economic Empowerment ruling Under , some Chinese South Africans were discriminated against in various forms by the apartheid government. However, they were originally excluded from benefiting under the BEE programmes of the new. This changed in mid-2008 when, in a case brought by the Chinese Association of South Africa, the Pretoria division of the ruled that Chinese South Africans who were before 1994, as well as their descendants, qualify as previously disadvantaged individuals as , and therefore are eligible to benefit under BEE and other policies and programmes. The Chinese Association of South Africa was represented by human rights lawyer in court during the case. However, Chinese South Africans who immigrated to the country after 1994 will be ineligible to benefit under the policies. In September 2015, deputy director general Sipho Zikode clarified who the ruling was meant to benefit. He said that not all Chinese in South Africa were eligible for BEE. Shortly after the court ruling, then , said that Chinese were unable to communicate with Department of Labour officials as they were unable to speak a South African language. He also claimed that Chinese factory owners abused workers and were using the BEE ruling to avoid arousing suspicion towards their business practices. The chairman of the Chinese Association of South Africa, Patrick Chong responded by saying that if the minister was grouping South African Chinese with recent Chinese immigrants, he did not understand which group of people the ruling of the court case affected. He said that Chinese South Africans are as much South African as other citizens and that they spoke English and Afrikaans fluently. Since the early 2000s many such shops, usually general dealers, have opened up in rural areas by Chinese immigrants from mainland China. The immigration of , by far the largest group of Chinese in South Africa, can be divided into three periods. The first group arrived in the late 1980s and early 1990s along with the Taiwanese immigrants. Unlike the Taiwanese immigrants, lacking the capital to start larger firms, most established small businesses. Although becoming relatively prosperous a large number of this group left South Africa, either back to China or to more developed Western countries, around the same time and for much the same reason as the Taiwanese immigrants left. The second group, arriving mostly from and provinces in the 1990s, were wealthier, better educated, and very entrepreneurial. The latest and ongoing group began arriving after 2000 and primarily made up of small traders and peasants from province. There are also many Chinese from other regions in China. As of 2013, there were 57 different regional Chinese associations operating in the Cyrildene Chinatown. Although the Chinese South African community is a most law-abiding community that has maintained a low profile in modern South Africa, there is speculation that local criminal gangs in South Africa barter illegally with Chinese nationals and in exchange for chemicals used in the production of drugs, reducing the need for the use of money and hence avoiding difficulties associated with. The International Journal of Diasporic Chinese Studies. Archived from on 22 June 2008. Representation, Expression and Identity. Archived from PDF on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2017. Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Retrieved 1 January 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2016. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 March 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2016. Some 1,000 Chinese supporters joined Indians to take part in Gandhi's first peaceful protest in Transvaal province in 1906 to protest against a law that barred Asians from owning property and made it mandatory to carry identity cards, among other things. The Times of India. Retrieved 4 January 2016. South African History Online. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2016. India and China in the colonial world. New Delhi: Social Science Press. Retrieved 16 March 2017. It was outside the Hamidia Mosque on 16 August 1908 that Indians and Chinese set alight more than 1 200 registration certificates... Retrieved 28 April 2010. Archived from on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015. Claremont, South Africa: David Philip. Retrieved 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015. Archived from on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2016. Lanham, Md: University Press of America. Retrieved 2 January 2016. South African History Online. Archived from on 9 September 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2016. The Liquor Bill Section 104 of the Liquor Bill of 1928 Prohibiting Indians from entering licensed premises is withdrawn. South African History Online. Retrieved 2 January 2016. Section 104 of the liquor bill was withdrawn, and Indians were once again allowed to enter licensed premises. Despite this, Africans were still not allowed to buy beer legally. Media Club South Africa. Archived from on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2016. The Act had restricted profits for commercial brewers, and in 1962 the apartheid government caved under pressure from the industry and opened up sales to black South Africans. They could not drink in town — white areas — but they could now buy commercial beer at off-sales. As of 14 May 1976, Chinese were treated as whites in terms of the Liquor Act. Retrieved 2 January 2016. Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana. Retrieved 2 January 2016. University of California Press. Retrieved 2 October 2016. Archived from on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2015. Archived from on 2015-09-18. Retrieved 20 December 2015. Archived from on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 20 December 2015. Mail and Guardian Online. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2017.